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Abstract
This quantitative research was conducted in District Nankana Sahib. The size of the sample was 150 Female respondents. A convenient sampling technique was used for the assortment of the respondents. The questionnaire was used as a tool. The results revealed that the empowerment level of rural women in the household is low in district Nankana Sahib. Women are facing a lot of problems that create the main hurdle in the empowerment status of rural women. The result showed that 46.7% of women were illiterate and 26.7% of women had a primary level of education, 75.3% of women had no right to get a share in the inheritance property, only 39.3% of women took decisions for the selection of their children spouse, 68.7% women were monitoring child rearing activities, 54.0% women were not taking decisions about disposable income for expenses. There is a highly positive association between age and decision-making autonomy, income and decision-making autonomy, and education and decision-making.
Key Words
Women Empowerment, Decision Making autonomy, Household Management, Women Education, Property Rights, Physical mobility, Gender Discrimination, Health facilities.
Introduction
The empowerment of women is essential for the development of society. Empowerment means individuals who take decisions and act freely according to their basic rights and fulfil their ability as identical members of society. According to the United Nations National Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the term women's empowerment means: gaining knowledge and understanding of gender relations and methods to change those relationships, creating a sense of self-confidence (Dandona, 2015). Empowering women in terms of eliminating gender disparities and reducing their negative consequences, whether in terms of health, agricultural productivity, or economic productivity, has been recognized both in its own right and in the forefront. Empowerment is the process by which people who were denied the ability to make strategic choices acquire such qualifications (Dick et al., 2019). Worldwide, 98 million girls are out of school. Globally, 1 in 3 women will experience gender-based violence in their lifetime. In the developing world, 1 in 7 girls gets married before their 15th birthday, with some brides being eight or 9 years old. More than 287,000 women each year, 99% of whom, Die from pregnancy - and birth complications (Groake et al., 2018).
Women's participation means their close involvement in the economic, social, cultural and political process that affects their lives. The majority of workers who maintain life-enhancing food, cooking, child rearing, elderly care, home care, water supply and women work, and this job is underestimated globally. Yes, and no salary is paid. Women earn only 10% of the world's income. Where women work for money, they may be limited to a set of jobs that are considered appropriate for women, including those with low-paying, low-level positions. Do women own less than 1% of the world's property (Rehman et al., 2008)? Women play an important role in the development of a country. Pakistani women face barriers from birth and equal access to resources, including food, education and health care. Women are unable to in the case of South Punjab, self-confidence, decision-making power and freedom of movement are statistically important factors that have a positive impact on rural development, proper education and employment opportunities can play an important role in women's empowerment. In addition, access to the media, especially TV, can empower women in a significant way. Baig et al., (2018) women in North Punjab still face multifaceted problems, but to a lesser extent than in the South, such as gender discrimination, wage gaps, harassment and social risks. The cultural approach to women's empowerment can also be exploited at home by shedding light on broad examples of Islamic values, including its special emphasis on women's property rights (Almandeel et al.,2019). The biggest social and cultural factors in women's empowerment in Pakistan are educational barriers, good jobs and access to property. All of these social and cultural factors are potential barriers to women's empowerment. Moreover, states have failed to pursue policies with a genuine letter and spirit. The state seems to be concerned about the documented policy of women's empowerment but has failed to bring the oppressed and backward groups out of oppression (Akmal Ismail et al., 2019). Education plays a key and most important role in the development of rural areas. Education contributes to the quality of life, quality of human resources, and economic growth. The development of society requires the empowerment of women who add skills and experience, asset ownership, health and most importantly, education (Jali et al., 2017). Women are becoming more independent as their education increases as women are moving towards media, awareness, greater access to resources, freedom from domestic violence, stronger relationships with their husbands and freedom of movement (Anwar et al., 2013).
In India, rural women still face a lot of problems, but women are not given a fair go in making decisions about marriage. Age of marriage, choice of spouse, age of birth of children, etc. Most of the economic activities of women are unnoticed and are paid for free, like raising and rearing cattle from morning till evening is a big deal. Even after participating in physical work with full vigour, rural women as a whole are not enjoying their proper social status, social respect, dignity and esteem in their families and society. That is why they do not play a decision-making role in economic decisions. Most rural women blame their poor social assessment for their lack of education (Badsiwal, 2015). Women face many issues when carrying out agriculture work, such as poor ownership, issues of earning salaries in times and the problem of operating in harsh weather situations. Education improves the status of women, and then they will be able to support their families financially and find respectable and best-earning chances (Alvi, 2012).
Land ownership is the main source of empowerment. It plays a significant role in raising women's security, encouraging and increasing their control over household decisions (Allendorf,2007). Decision-making power is firmly connected to maternal and child health, empowerment of women and gender equality perceived as the foundation of productive health programs. In South Asia, gender differences in health are very protuberant, where women and girls have totally different benefits as compared to western women. Women of South Asia cannot take decisions in life, and they have restricted access to and control of resources. South Asian countries must develop programs for the best health care treatments and gender inequalities (Senarat et al., 2009).
Review of Literature
Women's empowerment could be the key to opening up women's productivity in Africa. Women's health outcomes and better capacity to meet future food and agriculture needs in Africa. Women's membership in social and economic groups, females' access to credit, and increasing females' income are key strategies for empowering women to improve their health status and productivity (Kara et al., 2015). Females are an essential and important part of our society, but unfortunately, they have low influence in society. Our society cannot be built without women's contributions. They face gender discrimination and hurdles in every sphere of work. Nowadays, women play diverse roles in society but still face gender discrimination (Mariam, 2014). It is important to empower women t0 ensure not only their own health and well-being but als0 the well-being of the wh0le family. They are the primary means by which social norms are passed on to their children, and thus they are in a critical positi0n to promote attitudes towards gender equality in their children and families (Gupta et al., 2006). In managing household responsibilities, it is important for women to have access to information on a variety of aspects. These include child development, health care and well-being, diet and nutrition, hygiene, rehabilitation and more. They need to have effective communication skills and communicate effectively with people inside and outside the home(Kapur, 2019). females will be empowered if they participate in decisions about their health care, mobility, household income expenditure, large household purchases and contraceptive use. Education and employment play a vital role in women's empowerment. Educated and working women are more independent in making decisions about their health care, large household purchases, meeting family and relatives, spending on household income, and contraceptive uses than illiterate women (Raiz et al., 2018). Rural women work hard f0r a l0ng time, usually f0r a small reward, which is often overlooked by extension services. The share 0f women in the world's total agricultural labor is 43%, which increases t0 70% in some countries. Some barriers have hampered the role of women in agriculture development, low literacy rate, lack of self-confidence, sense of inferiority and resignation, increase in work inside and outside, domestic affairs, and lack of information are major obstacles to empowering rural women (Akbay et al.,2018).
Objective
? To study the socio-economic characteristics of respondents.
? To assess the status of rural women empowerment at the household level
? To identify the factor that affects women's autonomy and decision-making power in the household.
? To establish the association between the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents and their status of empowerment.
? To give the social policy measurement to the rural women's status.
Material and Method
Research is a process in which the researcher uses a methodological knowledge approach for the finding or understanding of afresh obtained information. The study was planned to assess the empowerment of rural women at the household level in the district of Nankana Sahib. The objective of the research was to find out the socio-economic characteristics of respondents and to assess the status of women's empowerment at the household level. This study was quantitative in nature. The study was conducted in rural areas of District Nankana Sahib. The size of the sample was 150 Female respondents. A convenient sampling technique was used for the selection of the respondents. Five villages were selected, with 30 women from each village. For the data collection, a survey method was used. A questionnaire was used as a tool. The questionnaire was filled out by the researcher in a face-to-face setting. A statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis.
>Table 1. border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
Controlled Variables (Background variables)
width="142" valign="top">Independent Variables
width="179" valign="top">Dependent Variables (Effect)
§ Age>§ Source of income>§ Education>§ Marital status>§ Family structure>§ Family size>§ Household income>§ Household head>§ Occupation respondent>
width="142" valign="top">§ Economic Factors>§ Education >§ Health Facility>§ Property Right>§ Freedom of movement/physical mobility>§ Gender discrimination>§ Level of information>§ Leadership in the community>§ power and autonomy
width="179" valign="top">Women's Empowerment in household >§ Decision-making autonomy>§ Household management
Univariate analysis
>Univariate statistics summarize only one variable at a time. Data analysis is a method in which logical or statistical procedures are used to describe or determine, summarize, and analyze the data (Shamoo and Rank, 2003).
>Table 2. Socio-economic characteristics of the Respondents. border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="534">
width="231">
Categories
width="93">F
width="96">% age
Illiterate
width="93">70
width="96">46.7
Primary
width="93">40
width="96">26.7
Middle
width="93">5
width="96">3.3
Matric
width="93">11
width="96">7.3
Above Matric
width="93">24
width="96">16.0
Age
width="231">18-28
width="93">31
width="96">20.7
28-38
width="93">57
width="96">38.0
38-48
width="93">43
width="96">28.7
Above 48
width="93">19
width="96">12.7
Monthly income
width="231">10,000-20,000Rs
width="93">33
width="96">22.0
20,000-30,000Rs
width="93">29
width="96">19.3
30,000-40,000Rs
width="93">35
width="96">23.3
50,000Rs and above
width="93">53
width="96">35.3
Family Type
width="231">Joint
width="93">122
width="96">81.3
Nuclear
width="93">22
width="96">14.7
Extended
width="93">6
width="96">4.0
Total
width="93">150
width="96">100%
Socio-economic characteristics are defined as the social status of an individual living in a society. These characteristics, e.g. Age, Education, Income level, Family type, Education of an individual, plays a crucial role in research finding because every individual provide the answer according to his knowledge and experience. Table No.1 represents that the majority (46.7%) of the respondents have an illiterate educational background, and (26.7%) of the respondents have a primary education level. (38.0%)of the respondents belonged 28-38 category of age. Less than half (35.3%) of the respondent deriving monthly income 50,000Rs and (23.3%) had 30,000-40,000 Rs income. Most of the respondents, 81.3%, belonged to the joint family system.
Table 3. Property Rights of class="TableGrid1" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left">
Sr. No
width="150" rowspan="2">Property rights
width="78" colspan="2">Usually
width="86" colspan="2">Rarely
width="89" colspan="2">Never
width="86" colspan="2">Total
F
width="48">%
width="34">F
width="51">%
width="38">F
width="51">%
width="39">F
width="47">%
1
width="150">Purchase property for own
width="30">24
width="48">16%
width="34">29
width="51">19.3%
width="38">97
width="51">64.7%
width="39">150
width="47">100%
2
width="150">Get a share in inheritance property
width="30">23
width="48">15.3%
width="34">14
width="51">9.3%
width="38">113
width="51">75.3%
width="39">150
width="47">100%
Economic Factor
1
width="150">Access to jobs without any restrictions
width="30">25
width="48">16.7%
width="34">20
width="51">13.3%
width="38">105
width="51">70%
width="39">150
width="47">100%
2
width="150">Availability of pocket money
width="30">55
width="48">36.7%
width="34">78
width="51">52.0%
width="38">17
width="51">11.3%
width="39">150
width="47">100%
3
width="150">Opportunity to open bank accounts
width="30">38
width="48">25.3%
width="34">24
width="51">16.0%
width="38">88
width="51">58.7%
width="39">150
width="47">100%
4
width="150">Equal access to resources
width="30">42
width="48">28.0%
width="34">51
width="51">34.0%
width="38">57
width="51">38.0%
width="39">150
width="47">100%
5
width="150">Wages differentiation problem
width="30">58
width="48">38.7%
width="34">60
width="51">40.0%
width="38">32
width="51">21.3%
width="39">150
width="47">100%
Freedom of Physical Mobility
1
width="150">Move freely within the country
width="30">39
width="48">26.0%
width="34">43
width="51">28.7%
width="38">68
width="51">45.3%
width="39">150
width="47">100%
2
width="150">Choose a place of residence
width="30">23
width="48">15.3%
width="34">17
width="51">11.3%
width="38">110
width="51">73.3%
width="39">150
width="47">100%
The majority of the respondents (64.7%) never had a right to purchase property to own. Most of the respondents (75.3%) never had the right to get inheritance property. Women's property rights were the main hurdle in empowerment. The distribution of land in rural areas among males and females is highly imbalanced (Deere et al., 2014). The majority of respondents (70%) never had access to jobs, and the majority of respondents (52.0%) rarely had the availability of pocket money. The majority of respondents (58.7%) never had opportunities to open bank accounts, and the majority of the respondents (38.0%) had never access to equal resources. The majority of the respondent (40.0%) were rarely and (38.7%) were usually faced with wage differentiation problems. Women's participation and access to economic opportunities increase their status of empowerment, and females consuming a bank account was also verified, which revealed a highly optimistic impact on empowerment of women (Bushra et al., 2015). (45.3%) of the respondent had never right to move freely within the country. The majority of respondents (73.3%) never had right to choose a place of residence.
>Table 4. Distribution of the respondents according to decisions of children border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left" width="534">
Sr. No
width="168" rowspan="2">Decisions regarding children's health
width="68" colspan="2">Usually
width="72" colspan="3">Rarely
width="78" colspan="3">Never
width="101" colspan="3">Total
F
width="58" colspan="2">%
width="28">F
width="45" colspan="2">%
width="32">F
width="45" colspan="2">%
width="36">F
width="41">%
1
width="168">Selection of Hospital
width="31">78
width="58" colspan="2">52.0%
width="28">56
width="45" colspan="2">37.3%
width="32">16
width="45" colspan="2">10.7
width="36">150
width="41">100%
2
width="168">Who goes to the hospital with baby
width="31">68
width="58" colspan="2">45.3%
width="28">65
width="45" colspan="2">43.3%
width="32">17
width="45" colspan="2">11.3%
width="36">150
width="41">100%
3
width="168">Treatments of children
width="31">63
width="58" colspan="2">42.0%
width="28">54
width="45" colspan="2">36.0%
width="32">33
width="45" colspan="2">22.0%
width="36">150
width="41">100%
Decisions regarding children's Marriage
1
width="168" valign="top">Selection of children's spouse
width="31">66
width="58" colspan="2">44.0%
width="28">58
width="45" colspan="2">38.7%
width="32">26
width="45" colspan="2">17.3%
width="36">150
width="41">100%
2
width="168" valign="top">Age of children's marriage
width="31">103
width="58" colspan="2">68.7%
width="28">41
width="45" colspan="2">27.3%
width="32">6
width="45" colspan="2">4.0%
width="36">150
width="41">100%
Decisions regarding child Rearing
1
width="168" valign="top">Monitoring children activities
width="31">103
width="58" colspan="2">68.7%
width="28">41
width="45" colspan="2">27.3%
width="32">6
width="45" colspan="2">4.0%
width="36">150
width="41">100%
2
width="168" valign="top">Social Competence
width="31">79
width="58" colspan="2">52.7%
width="28">59
width="45" colspan="2">39.3%
width="32">12
width="45" colspan="2">8.0%
width="36">150
width="41">100%
The majority of respondents (52.0%) usually take decisions for children's hospital selection, and the majority of respondents (45.3%) took decision on who goes to school with the baby. The majority of respondents (42.0%) usually take decisions for children's treatments. The majority of the respondents (39.3%) usually take decisions for children marriage. The majority of respondents (44.0%) usually take decisions on children's age of marriage. The majority of the respondents (68.7%) were usually monitoring children's activities, and the majority of the respondents (52.7%) were usually monitoring children's social competence.
| Sr. No width="149" rowspan="2" valign="top">Household management functions width="86" colspan="2" valign="top">Usually width="92" colspan="2" valign="top">Rarely width="78" colspan="2" valign="top">Never width="84" colspan="2" valign="top">Total | > F width="45" valign="top">% width="47" valign="top">F width="45" valign="top">% width="33" valign="top">F width="45" valign="top">% width="38" valign="top">F width="47" valign="top">% | > 1 width="149" valign="top">Senior management functions width="41" valign="top">42 width="45" valign="top">28.0% width="47" valign="top">62 width="45" valign="top">41.3% width="33" valign="top">46 width="45" valign="top">30.7% width="38" valign="top">150 width="47" valign="top">100% | > 2 width="149" valign="top">Family members equal help to perform work width="41" valign="top">46 width="45" valign="top">30.7% width="47" valign="top">70 width="45" valign="top">46.7% width="33" valign="top">34 width="45" valign="top">22.7% width="38" valign="top">150 width="47" valign="top">100% | > 3 width="149" valign="top">Control their own time width="41" valign="top">46 width="45" valign="top">30.7% width="47" valign="top">56 width="45" valign="top">37.3% width="33" valign="top">48 width="45" valign="top">32.0% width="38" valign="top">150 width="47" valign="top">100% | > 4 width="149" valign="top">Equally, participate in financial saving or investment width="41" valign="top">36 width="45" valign="top">24.0% width="47" valign="top">40 width="45" valign="top">26.7% width="33" valign="top">74 width="45" valign="top">49.3% width="38" valign="top">150 width="47" valign="top">100% | > 5 width="149" valign="top">Right to purchase large items width="41" valign="top">33 width="45" valign="top">22.0% width="47" valign="top">48 width="45" valign="top">32.0% width="33" valign="top">69 width="45" valign="top">46.0% width="38" valign="top">150 width="47" valign="top">100% | > 6 width="149" valign="top">Right to purchase small items width="41" valign="top">81 width="45" valign="top">54.0% width="47" valign="top">45 width="45" valign="top">30.0% width="33" valign="top">24 width="45" valign="top">16.0% width="38" valign="top">150 width="47" valign="top">100% | ||||||
| Age width="474" colspan="4">Decision-making Autonomy | > Usually width="104">Rarely width="125">Never width="125">Total | > 18-28 width="120">20 width="104">7 width="125">4 width="125">31 | > width="120"> 64.5% width="104">22.6% width="125">12.9% width="125">100.0% | > 28-38 width="120">23 width="104">22 width="125">12 width="125">57 | > width="120"> 40.4% width="104">38.6% width="125">21.1% width="125">100.0% | > 38-48 width="120">6 width="104">30 width="125">7 width="125">43 | > width="120"> 14.0% width="104">69.8% width="125">16.3% width="125">100.0% | > Above 48 width="120">3 width="104">9 width="125">7 width="125">19 | > width="120"> 15.8% width="104">47.4% width="125">36.8% width="125">100.0% | > Total width="120">52 width="104">68 width="125">30 width="125">150 | > width="120"> 34.7% width="104">45.3% width="125">20.0% width="125">100.0% | ||
| > Qualification width="474" colspan="4" valign="top">Decision-making Autonomy | > Usually width="104">Rarely width="125">Never width="125">Total | > Primary width="120">13 width="104">21 width="125">6 width="125">40 | > width="120"> 32.5% width="104">52.5% width="125">15.0% width="125">100.0% | > Middle width="120">4 width="104">0 width="125">1 width="125">5 | > width="120"> 80.0% width="104">.0% width="125">20.0% width="125">100.0% | > Matric width="120">9 width="104">0 width="125">2 width="125">11 | > width="120"> 81.8% width="104">.0% width="125">18.2% width="125">100.0% | > Above matric width="120">13 width="104">10 width="125">1 width="125">24 | > width="120"> 54.2% width="104">41.7% width="125">4.2% width="125">100.0% | > Illiterate width="120">13 width="104">37 width="125">20 width="125">70 | > width="120"> 18.6% width="104">52.9% width="125">28.6% width="125">100.0% | > Total width="120">52 width="104">68 width="125">30 width="125">150 | > width="120"> 34.7% width="104">45.3% width="125">20.0% width="125">100.0% |
| > Household income width="408" colspan="4" valign="top">Decision-making Autonomy | > Usually width="91">Rarely width="106">Never width="108">Total | > 10,000-20000 width="104">11 width="91">12 width="106">10 width="108">33 | > width="104"> 33.3% width="91">36.4% width="106">30.3% width="108">3100.0% | > 20,000-30,000 width="104">13 width="91">10 width="106">6 width="108">29 | > width="104"> 44.8% width="91">34.5% width="106">20.7% width="108">100.0% | > 30,000-40,000 width="104">7 width="91">18 width="106">10 width="108">35 | > width="104"> 20.0% width="91">51.4% width="106">28.6% width="108">100.0% | > 50,000 and above width="104">21 width="91">28 width="106">4 width="108">53 | > width="104"> 39.6% width="91">52.8% width="106">7.5% width="108">100.0% | > Total width="104">52 width="91">68 width="106">30 width="108">150 | > width="104"> 34.7% width="91">45.3% width="106">20.0% width="108">100.0% | ||
| Access to social-economic facilities and property rights width="304" colspan="4" valign="top">Decision-making Autonomy | > Usually width="78">Rarely width="66">Never width="81">Total | > Usually width="78">21 width="78">5 width="66">0 width="81">26 | > width="78"> 80.8% width="78">19.2% width="66">.0% width="81">100.0% | > Rarely width="78">23 width="78">21 width="66">6 width="81">50 | > width="78"> 46.0% width="78">42.0% width="66">12.0% width="81">100.0% | > Never width="78">8 width="78">42 width="66">24 width="81">74 | > width="78"> 10.8% width="78">56.8% width="66">32.4% width="81">100.0% | > Total width="78">52 width="78">68 width="66">30 width="81">150 | > width="78"> 34.7% width="78">45.3% width="66">20.0% width="81">100.0% |