EXAMINING JOURNALISM AS A CAREER FOR WOMEN IN PAKISTAN FROM THE CHALLENGES AND ROLE PERSPECTIVES

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2021(VI-I).24      10.31703/gsr.2021(VI-I).24      Published : Mar 2021
Authored by : Saadia Anwar Pasha , Nosheena Saleem

24 Pages : 199-211

References

  • Ab Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. H. (2017). Discriminant Validity Assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 890, 012163. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742- 6596/890/1/012163
  • Adeola, E. A. (2016). Deborah Chambers, Linda Steiner & Carole Fleming, Women and Journalism. International Journal of Communication, 10, 2501-2504.
  • Alghizzawi, M., Salloum, S. A., & Habes, M. (2018). The role of social media in tourism marketing in Jordan. 2, 59-70
  • Ali, S., Youssef, E., & Qamar, A. (2020). Analyzing the News Media Practices Concerning Sexual Exploitation of Women. Multicultural Education, 6(November), 9-0. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.425 1870
  • Ali, T. S., Krantz, G., Gul, R., Asad, N., Johansson, E., & Mogren, I. (2011). Gender roles and their influence on life prospects for women in urban Karachi, Pakistan: a qualitative study. Global Health Action, 4(November), 7448. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v4i0.744 8
  • Al-Skaf, S., Youssef, E., Habes, M., Alhumaid, K., & Salloum, S. A. (2021). The Acceptance of Social Media Sites: An Empirical Study Using PLS-SEM and ML Approaches. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1339(March), 548-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030- 69717-4_52
  • Anwar Pasha, S., & Saleem, N. (2019). Investigating the Challenges Faced By Women Journalists in Islamic Societies: a Case Study of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Journal.Alqalamjournalpu.Com, 24(24), 24-43. http://journal.alqalamjournalpu.com/ind ex.php/Al-Qalam/article/view/401
  • Asian Development Bank. (2000). Country Briefing Paper WOMEN IN PAKISTAN ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Programs Department (West) and Office of Environment and Social Development. July.
  • Asparouhov, T., Muthén, B., & Morin, A. J. S. (2015). Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling With Cross-Loadings and Residual Covariances: Comments on Stromeyer et al. Journal of Management, 41(6), 1561- 1577. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920631 5591075
  • Betz, M., & O'Connell, L. (1989). Work Orientations of Males and Females: Exploring the Gender Socialization Approach. Sociological Inquiry, 59(3), 318-330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475- 682X.1989.tb00109.x
  • Blackstone, A. M. (2003). Human Ecology: An Encyclopedia of Children, Families, and Environments. Sociology, 335-338. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.e du/soc_facpub/1/ https://digitalc ommons.library.umaine.edu/soc_facpub
  • Chambers, D., Steiner, L., & Fleming, C. (2004). Women and Journalism (1st ed.). https://www.routledge.com/Women- and-Journalism/Chambers-Steiner- Fleming/p/book/9780415274456
  • Collins, P. H. (1999). Feminist and Gender Theories. https://doi.org/10.4324/978042949 6592-26
  • Coopers, P. (2008). The Leaking Pipelines: Where are our female leaders? 79 women share their stories. Global Human Capital, Gender Advisory Council, March
  • Creedon, P. J. (1989). Public Relations History Misses 'Her Story.' The Journalism Educator, 44(3), 26-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769588 904400304
  • De Vuyst, S., & Raeymaeckers, K. (2019). Gender as a multilayered issue in journalism: A multi-method approach to studying barriers sustaining gender inequality in Belgian newsrooms. European Journal of Women's Studies, 26(1), 23-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/135050681 7729856
  • Djerf-Pierre, M. (2007). The gender of journalism: the structure and logic of the field in the twentieth century. Nordicom Review, 28, 37-65
  • Dufour, J.-M. (2011). Coefficients of determination . http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.08675
  • Fajarwati, A., Mei, E. T. W., Hasanati, S., & Sari, I. M. (2016). The Productive and Reproductive Activities of Women as Form of Adaptation and Post-disaster Livelihood Strategies in Huntap Kuwang and Huntap Plosokerep. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 227, 370-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.201 6.06.084
  • Farganis, S. (1997). Paradoxes of Gender. International Studies in Philosophy, 29(4), 127-129. https://doi.org/10.5840/intstudphil19 97294117
  • Farrell, A., & Rudd, J. M. (2009). Factor Analysis and Discriminant Validity: A Brief Review of Some Practical Issues. Australia-New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference, January 2009.
  • Franks, S. (2008). Women and journalism. Feminist Review, 88(1), 177-179. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9 400392
  • Gallagher, M. (2005). More Women in Media A Way Forward.
  • Guillaume, C., & Pochic, S. (2009). What would you sacrifice? Access to top management and the work-life balance. Gender, Work and Organization, 16(1), 14-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468- 0432.2007.00354.x
  • Gurung, L. (2020). Feminist Standpoint Theory: Conceptualization and Utility. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 14(January), 106-115. https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v14i0.2 7357
  • Hafeez, E., & Zahid, L. (2021). Sexism and Gender Discrimination in Pakistan's Mainstream News Media. Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism, 60-89.
  • Haraway, D. J. (2009). Situated Knowledge: The Science Question in Feminism of Partial and the Privilege. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575-599.
  • Harding, S. (2004). The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies - Google Books. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl= en
  • Højgaard, L., & Esseveld, J. (2000). The Social Construction of Gender. Gendering Elites, 233-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349- 62882-7_19
  • Holmqvist, D. (2020).
  • Jaworska, S., & Larrivée, P. (2011). Women, power and the media: Assessing the bias. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(10), 2477- 2479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.20 11.02.008
  • Jóhannsdóttir, V., & Einarsdóttir, Þ. (2015). Gender Bias in the Media: The Case of Iceland. Veftímaritið Stjórnmál Og Stjórnsýsla, 11(2), 207. https://doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2015 .11.2.5
  • Jones, C. (2008). Shona Women Mbira Players: Gender, Tradition and Nation in Zimbabwe. Ethnomusicology Forum, 17(1), 125-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/174119108 01972982
  • Kangas, A., Haider, H., & Fraser, E. (2014). Gender: Topic guide. 1-6.
  • Kim, K. H. (2006). Obstacles to the success of female journalists in Korea. Media, Culture & Society, 28(1), 123-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344370 6059578
  • Kirat, M. (1998). Algerian journalists and their world. The Global Journalist: News People around the World, September, 323â€
  • Koonce, G., & Kelly, M. (2014). Analysis of the Reliability and Validity of a Mentor's Assessment for Principal Internships. Education Leadership Review, 15(2), 33- 48.
  • Lachover, E. (2005). The gendered and sexualized relationship between Israeli women journalists and their male news sources. Journalism, 6(3), 291-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490 5054062
  • Melin, M. (2008). Gendered Journalism Cultures: Strategies and Tactics in the Field of Journalism in Britain and Sweden. In Null: Vol. null.
  • Mellado, C., Humanes, M. L., & Márquez-Ramírez, M. (2018). The influence of journalistic role performance on objective reporting: A comparative study of Chilean, Mexican, and Spanish news. International Communication Gazette, 80(3), 250- 272. https://doi.org/10.1177/174804851 7711673
  • Mendes, K., & Carter, C. (2008). Feminist and Gender Media Studies: A Critical Overview. Sociology Compass, 2(6), 1701-1718. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751- 9020.2008.00158.x
  • Mohajan, H. K. (2017). Two Criteria for Good Measurements in Research: Validity and Reliability. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 17(4), 59- 82. https://doi.org/10.26458/1746
  • Mwesige, P. G. (2004). Disseminators, advocates and watchdogs: A profile of Ugandan journalists in the new millennium. Journalism, 5(1), 69-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490 4039556
  • Okono, N. A. N. (2016). University of Nairobi School of Journalism and Mass Communication Women working in the media industry in Kenya : How are they faring ? January. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.261 9.4005
  • Payne, S., Swami, V., & Stanistreet, D. L. (2008). The social construction of gender and its influence on suicide: a literature review. Journal of Men's Health, 5(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jomh.2007. 11.002
  • Qaisrani, A., Liaquat, S., & Khokhar, E. N. (2016). Socio-economic and Cultural Factors of Violence against Women in Pakistan A publication of the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI). Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 1-24. https://think- asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/68 23/Socio-economic&Cultural-Factors- of-Violence-against-Women-in- Pakistan(W-158).pdf?sequence=1
  • Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender and Society, 19(6), 829-859. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2764085 3
  • Radu, Wellington S; Chekera, Y. T. (2014). Power, Patriarchy and Gender Discrimination in Zimbabwean Newsrooms. 1-25.
  • Ross, K. (2001). Women at Work: Journalism as en-gendered practice. Journalism Studies, 2(4), 531-544. https://doi.org/10.1080/146167001 20086404
  • Ross, K., Boyle, K., Carter, C., & Ging, D. (2018). Women, Men and News: It's life, Jim, but not as we know it†. Journalism Studies, 19(6), 824-845. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X. 2016.1222884
  • Rotter, T. M. (2019). Gender Inequality in Pakistan.
  • Samuels, P. (2016). Advice on Exploratory Factor Analysis. Centre for Academic Success, Birmingham City University, June 2.
  • Silvestre Cabrera, M., López Belloso, M., & Royo Prieto, R. (2020). The application of Feminist Standpoint Theory in social research. Investigaciones Feministas, 11(2), 307-318. https://doi.org/10.5209/infe.66034
  • Smith, D. E. (1974). Feminist and Gender Theories. BROADENING SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.
  • Steckle, M. (2018). Situating Feminist Standpoint Theory: Toward a Critical Ontology of Knowledge. In University of Windsor. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7572 /
  • Swigonski, M. E. (1993). Feminist Standpoint Theory and the Questions of Social Work Research. Affilia, 8(2), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/088610999 300800203
  • Thorpe, H. (2009). Bourdieu, feminism and female physical culture: Gender reflexivity and the habitus-field complex. Sociology of Sport Journal, 26(4), 491-516. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.26.4.491
  • Tinuke, M. (2014). A Comparative Study of Work- Family Balance of Female Journalists and Nurses. International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(1), 77-82.
  • United Nations. (2011). United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of ( Cedaw ) United Kingdom' S Seventh Periodic Report Submitted June 2011 United Nations Convention on the Elimination of (Issue June).
  • Wedgwood, N. (2009). Connell's theory of masculinity - its origins and influences on the study of gender. Journal of Gender Studies, 18(4), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/095892309 03260001
  • Xue, C. (2008). Critically Evaluate the Understanding of Gender as Discourse. International Education Studies, 1(2), 54- 57. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v1n2p54
  • Zia, A. (2007). Media and Gender: Pakistani Perspective. 16th AMIC Annual Conference, June 25-28.
  • Zuiderveld, M. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1386/jams.3.3.40 1_1
  • Zumbo, B. D. (2005). Structural Equation Modeling and Test Validation. Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science, June. Zumbo, B. D. (2005). Structural Equation Modeling and Test Validation. Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science, June https://doi.org/10.1002/047001319 2.bsa654

References

  • Ab Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. H. (2017). Discriminant Validity Assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 890, 012163. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742- 6596/890/1/012163
  • Adeola, E. A. (2016). Deborah Chambers, Linda Steiner & Carole Fleming, Women and Journalism. International Journal of Communication, 10, 2501-2504.
  • Alghizzawi, M., Salloum, S. A., & Habes, M. (2018). The role of social media in tourism marketing in Jordan. 2, 59-70
  • Ali, S., Youssef, E., & Qamar, A. (2020). Analyzing the News Media Practices Concerning Sexual Exploitation of Women. Multicultural Education, 6(November), 9-0. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.425 1870
  • Ali, T. S., Krantz, G., Gul, R., Asad, N., Johansson, E., & Mogren, I. (2011). Gender roles and their influence on life prospects for women in urban Karachi, Pakistan: a qualitative study. Global Health Action, 4(November), 7448. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v4i0.744 8
  • Al-Skaf, S., Youssef, E., Habes, M., Alhumaid, K., & Salloum, S. A. (2021). The Acceptance of Social Media Sites: An Empirical Study Using PLS-SEM and ML Approaches. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1339(March), 548-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030- 69717-4_52
  • Anwar Pasha, S., & Saleem, N. (2019). Investigating the Challenges Faced By Women Journalists in Islamic Societies: a Case Study of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Journal.Alqalamjournalpu.Com, 24(24), 24-43. http://journal.alqalamjournalpu.com/ind ex.php/Al-Qalam/article/view/401
  • Asian Development Bank. (2000). Country Briefing Paper WOMEN IN PAKISTAN ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Programs Department (West) and Office of Environment and Social Development. July.
  • Asparouhov, T., Muthén, B., & Morin, A. J. S. (2015). Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling With Cross-Loadings and Residual Covariances: Comments on Stromeyer et al. Journal of Management, 41(6), 1561- 1577. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920631 5591075
  • Betz, M., & O'Connell, L. (1989). Work Orientations of Males and Females: Exploring the Gender Socialization Approach. Sociological Inquiry, 59(3), 318-330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475- 682X.1989.tb00109.x
  • Blackstone, A. M. (2003). Human Ecology: An Encyclopedia of Children, Families, and Environments. Sociology, 335-338. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.e du/soc_facpub/1/ https://digitalc ommons.library.umaine.edu/soc_facpub
  • Chambers, D., Steiner, L., & Fleming, C. (2004). Women and Journalism (1st ed.). https://www.routledge.com/Women- and-Journalism/Chambers-Steiner- Fleming/p/book/9780415274456
  • Collins, P. H. (1999). Feminist and Gender Theories. https://doi.org/10.4324/978042949 6592-26
  • Coopers, P. (2008). The Leaking Pipelines: Where are our female leaders? 79 women share their stories. Global Human Capital, Gender Advisory Council, March
  • Creedon, P. J. (1989). Public Relations History Misses 'Her Story.' The Journalism Educator, 44(3), 26-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769588 904400304
  • De Vuyst, S., & Raeymaeckers, K. (2019). Gender as a multilayered issue in journalism: A multi-method approach to studying barriers sustaining gender inequality in Belgian newsrooms. European Journal of Women's Studies, 26(1), 23-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/135050681 7729856
  • Djerf-Pierre, M. (2007). The gender of journalism: the structure and logic of the field in the twentieth century. Nordicom Review, 28, 37-65
  • Dufour, J.-M. (2011). Coefficients of determination . http://arxiv.org/abs/2007.08675
  • Fajarwati, A., Mei, E. T. W., Hasanati, S., & Sari, I. M. (2016). The Productive and Reproductive Activities of Women as Form of Adaptation and Post-disaster Livelihood Strategies in Huntap Kuwang and Huntap Plosokerep. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 227, 370-377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.201 6.06.084
  • Farganis, S. (1997). Paradoxes of Gender. International Studies in Philosophy, 29(4), 127-129. https://doi.org/10.5840/intstudphil19 97294117
  • Farrell, A., & Rudd, J. M. (2009). Factor Analysis and Discriminant Validity: A Brief Review of Some Practical Issues. Australia-New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference, January 2009.
  • Franks, S. (2008). Women and journalism. Feminist Review, 88(1), 177-179. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9 400392
  • Gallagher, M. (2005). More Women in Media A Way Forward.
  • Guillaume, C., & Pochic, S. (2009). What would you sacrifice? Access to top management and the work-life balance. Gender, Work and Organization, 16(1), 14-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468- 0432.2007.00354.x
  • Gurung, L. (2020). Feminist Standpoint Theory: Conceptualization and Utility. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 14(January), 106-115. https://doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v14i0.2 7357
  • Hafeez, E., & Zahid, L. (2021). Sexism and Gender Discrimination in Pakistan's Mainstream News Media. Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism, 60-89.
  • Haraway, D. J. (2009). Situated Knowledge: The Science Question in Feminism of Partial and the Privilege. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575-599.
  • Harding, S. (2004). The Feminist Standpoint Theory Reader: Intellectual and Political Controversies - Google Books. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl= en
  • Højgaard, L., & Esseveld, J. (2000). The Social Construction of Gender. Gendering Elites, 233-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349- 62882-7_19
  • Holmqvist, D. (2020).
  • Jaworska, S., & Larrivée, P. (2011). Women, power and the media: Assessing the bias. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(10), 2477- 2479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.20 11.02.008
  • Jóhannsdóttir, V., & Einarsdóttir, Þ. (2015). Gender Bias in the Media: The Case of Iceland. Veftímaritið Stjórnmál Og Stjórnsýsla, 11(2), 207. https://doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2015 .11.2.5
  • Jones, C. (2008). Shona Women Mbira Players: Gender, Tradition and Nation in Zimbabwe. Ethnomusicology Forum, 17(1), 125-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/174119108 01972982
  • Kangas, A., Haider, H., & Fraser, E. (2014). Gender: Topic guide. 1-6.
  • Kim, K. H. (2006). Obstacles to the success of female journalists in Korea. Media, Culture & Society, 28(1), 123-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344370 6059578
  • Kirat, M. (1998). Algerian journalists and their world. The Global Journalist: News People around the World, September, 323â€
  • Koonce, G., & Kelly, M. (2014). Analysis of the Reliability and Validity of a Mentor's Assessment for Principal Internships. Education Leadership Review, 15(2), 33- 48.
  • Lachover, E. (2005). The gendered and sexualized relationship between Israeli women journalists and their male news sources. Journalism, 6(3), 291-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490 5054062
  • Melin, M. (2008). Gendered Journalism Cultures: Strategies and Tactics in the Field of Journalism in Britain and Sweden. In Null: Vol. null.
  • Mellado, C., Humanes, M. L., & Márquez-Ramírez, M. (2018). The influence of journalistic role performance on objective reporting: A comparative study of Chilean, Mexican, and Spanish news. International Communication Gazette, 80(3), 250- 272. https://doi.org/10.1177/174804851 7711673
  • Mendes, K., & Carter, C. (2008). Feminist and Gender Media Studies: A Critical Overview. Sociology Compass, 2(6), 1701-1718. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751- 9020.2008.00158.x
  • Mohajan, H. K. (2017). Two Criteria for Good Measurements in Research: Validity and Reliability. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 17(4), 59- 82. https://doi.org/10.26458/1746
  • Mwesige, P. G. (2004). Disseminators, advocates and watchdogs: A profile of Ugandan journalists in the new millennium. Journalism, 5(1), 69-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490 4039556
  • Okono, N. A. N. (2016). University of Nairobi School of Journalism and Mass Communication Women working in the media industry in Kenya : How are they faring ? January. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.261 9.4005
  • Payne, S., Swami, V., & Stanistreet, D. L. (2008). The social construction of gender and its influence on suicide: a literature review. Journal of Men's Health, 5(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jomh.2007. 11.002
  • Qaisrani, A., Liaquat, S., & Khokhar, E. N. (2016). Socio-economic and Cultural Factors of Violence against Women in Pakistan A publication of the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI). Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 1-24. https://think- asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/68 23/Socio-economic&Cultural-Factors- of-Violence-against-Women-in- Pakistan(W-158).pdf?sequence=1
  • Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender and Society, 19(6), 829-859. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2764085 3
  • Radu, Wellington S; Chekera, Y. T. (2014). Power, Patriarchy and Gender Discrimination in Zimbabwean Newsrooms. 1-25.
  • Ross, K. (2001). Women at Work: Journalism as en-gendered practice. Journalism Studies, 2(4), 531-544. https://doi.org/10.1080/146167001 20086404
  • Ross, K., Boyle, K., Carter, C., & Ging, D. (2018). Women, Men and News: It's life, Jim, but not as we know it†. Journalism Studies, 19(6), 824-845. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X. 2016.1222884
  • Rotter, T. M. (2019). Gender Inequality in Pakistan.
  • Samuels, P. (2016). Advice on Exploratory Factor Analysis. Centre for Academic Success, Birmingham City University, June 2.
  • Silvestre Cabrera, M., López Belloso, M., & Royo Prieto, R. (2020). The application of Feminist Standpoint Theory in social research. Investigaciones Feministas, 11(2), 307-318. https://doi.org/10.5209/infe.66034
  • Smith, D. E. (1974). Feminist and Gender Theories. BROADENING SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY.
  • Steckle, M. (2018). Situating Feminist Standpoint Theory: Toward a Critical Ontology of Knowledge. In University of Windsor. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7572 /
  • Swigonski, M. E. (1993). Feminist Standpoint Theory and the Questions of Social Work Research. Affilia, 8(2), 171-183. https://doi.org/10.1177/088610999 300800203
  • Thorpe, H. (2009). Bourdieu, feminism and female physical culture: Gender reflexivity and the habitus-field complex. Sociology of Sport Journal, 26(4), 491-516. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.26.4.491
  • Tinuke, M. (2014). A Comparative Study of Work- Family Balance of Female Journalists and Nurses. International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(1), 77-82.
  • United Nations. (2011). United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of ( Cedaw ) United Kingdom' S Seventh Periodic Report Submitted June 2011 United Nations Convention on the Elimination of (Issue June).
  • Wedgwood, N. (2009). Connell's theory of masculinity - its origins and influences on the study of gender. Journal of Gender Studies, 18(4), 329-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/095892309 03260001
  • Xue, C. (2008). Critically Evaluate the Understanding of Gender as Discourse. International Education Studies, 1(2), 54- 57. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v1n2p54
  • Zia, A. (2007). Media and Gender: Pakistani Perspective. 16th AMIC Annual Conference, June 25-28.
  • Zuiderveld, M. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1386/jams.3.3.40 1_1
  • Zumbo, B. D. (2005). Structural Equation Modeling and Test Validation. Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science, June. Zumbo, B. D. (2005). Structural Equation Modeling and Test Validation. Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science, June https://doi.org/10.1002/047001319 2.bsa654

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Pasha, S. A., & Saleem, N. (2021). Examining Journalism as a Career for Women in Pakistan from the Challenges and Role Perspectives. Global Sociological Review, VI(I), 199-211. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2021(VI-I).24

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Pasha, Saadia Anwar, and Nosheena Saleem. 2021. "Examining Journalism as a Career for Women in Pakistan from the Challenges and Role Perspectives." Global Sociological Review, VI (I): 199-211 doi: 10.31703/gsr.2021(VI-I).24

HARVARD

    HARVARD : PASHA, S. A. & SALEEM, N. 2021. Examining Journalism as a Career for Women in Pakistan from the Challenges and Role Perspectives. Global Sociological Review, VI, 199-211.

MHRA

    MHRA : Pasha, Saadia Anwar, and Nosheena Saleem. 2021. "Examining Journalism as a Career for Women in Pakistan from the Challenges and Role Perspectives." Global Sociological Review, VI: 199-211

MLA

    MLA : Pasha, Saadia Anwar, and Nosheena Saleem. "Examining Journalism as a Career for Women in Pakistan from the Challenges and Role Perspectives." Global Sociological Review, VI.I (2021): 199-211 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Pasha, Saadia Anwar and Saleem, Nosheena (2021), "Examining Journalism as a Career for Women in Pakistan from the Challenges and Role Perspectives", Global Sociological Review, VI (I), 199-211

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Pasha, Saadia Anwar, and Nosheena Saleem. "Examining Journalism as a Career for Women in Pakistan from the Challenges and Role Perspectives." Global Sociological Review VI, no. I (2021): 199-211. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2021(VI-I).24