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- Gallego, A. (2007). Unequal Political Participation in Europe. International Journal of Sociology, 37(4), 10–25. https://doi.org/10.2753/ijs0020-7659370401
- Downs, A. (1957). An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy. Journal of Political Economy, 65(2), 135–150.
- Dahl, R. A. (2007). On Political Equality. In Google Books. Yale University Press. https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=OXYVOO_yyoAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI&hl=en&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
- Abram de, S. (1988). In Care of the State. Oxford University Press, USA
- Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. In Google Books. Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gzdbfu55IGgC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=Acemoglu+D
- Albertus, M., & Gay, V. (2016). Unlikely Democrats: Economic Elite Uncertainty under Dictatorship and Support for Democratization. American Journal of Political Science, 61(3), 624–641. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12277
- Ansell, B., & Samuels, D. (n.d.). Inequality and Democratization. https://users.ox.ac.uk/~polf0487/papers/Ansell%20Samuels%20Inequality%20and%20Democratisation.pdf
- Arndt, H. L. R. (2019). Varieties of Affluence: How Political Attitudes of the Rich Are Shaped by Income or Wealth. European Sociological Review. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcz051
- Holland, A. C. (2017). Forbearance As Redistribution.
- Boix, C. (2003). Democracy and redistribution. Cambridge University Press.
- Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Altman, D., Bernhard, M., Fish, S., Hicken, A., Kroenig, M., & Lindberg, S. I. (2011). Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach. Perspectives on Politics, 9(02), 247–267. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592711000880
- Dalton, R., Van Sickle, A., & Weldon, S. (2009). The Individual–Institutional Nexus of Protest Behaviour. British Journal of Political Science, 40(1), 51–73. https://doi.org/10.1017/s000712340999038x
- Fukuyama, F. (n.d.). The End of History?*. https://pages.ucsd.edu/~bslantchev/courses/pdf/Fukuyama%20-%20End%20of%20History.pdf
- oa, R., Mounk, Y., Inglehart, R., Carter, B., Yarwood, J., Reyntjens, F., Hale, H., Anria, S., Conaghan, C., Lindsay, F., Juan, M., Luna, P., Vergara, A., & Watanabe, A. (2016). The Danger of Deconsolidation The Struggle Over Term Limits in Africa 25 Years After the USSR: What’s Gone Wrong? Delegative Democracy Revisited. 27. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/FoaMounk-27-3.pdf
- Gilens, M., & Page, B. I. (2014). Testing Theories of American politics: Elites, Interest groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics, 12(03), 564–581.
- Higley, J., Gunther, R., Gunther, R., & John, H. (1992). Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge University Press..
- Hooghe, M., Dassonneville, R., & Oser, J. (2019). Public Opinion, Turnout and Social Policy: A Comparative Analysis of Policy Congruence in European Liberal Democracies. Political Studies, 67(4), 992–1009. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321718819077 .
- Dubrow, J. (n.d.). HOW CAN WE ACCOUNT FOR INTERSECTIONALITY IN QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SURVEY DATA? EMPIRICAL ILLUSTRATION FOR CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/69557/ASK_2008_85_100.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- Dubrow, J. K., & Taylor. (2015). Political inequality in an age of democracy : cross-national perspectives. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
- Kenworthy, L., & McCall, L. (2007). Inequality, public opinion and redistribution. Socio-Economic Review, 6(1), 35–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwm006
- Diamond, L. (2015). Facing Up to the Democratic Recession. Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 141– 155. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2015.0009
- Bartels, L. M. (2016). Unequal democracy: the political economy of the new Gilded Age. Russell Sage Foundation.
- Cole, W. M. (2018). Poor and powerless: Economic and political inequality in cross-national perspective, 1981–2011. International Sociology, 33(3), 357–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580918760430
- Khan, S. (2012). The sociology of elites. Annual Review of Sociology, 38(1), 361–377. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145542
- Dalton, R. J., & Klingemann, H.-D. (2007). Methods of elite research. In Goodin R. R. (Ed.), The oxford handbook of political behaviour. London: Oxford University Press.
- Dalton, R. J., & Klingemann, H.-D. (2018). Methods of elite identification. In Best H., Higley J. (Eds.), Palgrave handbook of political elites. UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Edwards, Z. (2017). No Colonial Working Class, No Post-Colonial Development: a Comparative- Historical Analysis of Two Oil-Rich Countries. Studies in Comparative International Development, 53(4), 477–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-017-9255-9
- Kern, A., Marien, S., & Hooghe, M. (2015). Economic Crisis and Levels of Political Participation in Europe (2002–2010): The Role of Resources and Grievances. West European Politics, 38(3), 465–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2014.993152
- Lefkofridi, Z., & Giger, N. (2020). Democracy or Oligarchy? Unequal Representation of Income Groups in European Institutions. Politics and Governance, 8(1), 19-27. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i1.2526
- Lenski G. E. (1966). Power and privilege: A theory of social stratification. UNC Press Books
- Levitsky S., Ziblatt D. (2018). How democracies die. Broadway Books.
- Lopez, M. (2013). Elite Theory. Sociopedia ISA. Interdisciplinary Network for Studies of Social Inequality (NIED). Rio de Janeiro: The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
- López, M. (2013). The state of poverty: Elite perceptions of the poor in Brazil and Uruguay. International Sociology, 28(3), 351– 370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580913484346
- López, M., Da Silva, G. M. D., Teeger, C., & Marques, P. (2020). Economic and cultural determinants of elite attitudes toward redistribution. Socio-economic Review, 20(2), 489–514. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwaa015
- Luna J. P. (2014). Segmented representation: Political party strategies in unequal democracies. Oxford University Press
- Lupu, N., & Warner, Z. (2022). Affluence and Congruence: Unequal Representation around the World. The Journal of Politics, 84(1), 276– 290. https://doi.org/10.1086/714930
- Mainwaring, S., & Bizzarro, F. (2019). The Fates Of Third-Wave Democracies. Journal of Democracy, 30(1), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2019.0008
- Maks-Solomon, C., & Rigby, E. (2019). Are Democrats Really the Party of the Poor? Partisanship, Class, and Representation in the U.S. Senate. Political Research Quarterly, 106591291986262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912919862623
- Dahl, R. A. (2008). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. In Google Books. Yale University Press. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JcKz2249PQcC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=.+Polyarchy:+Participation+and+opposition.+Yale+University+Press
- Gallego, A. (2007). Unequal Political Participation in Europe. International Journal of Sociology, 37(4), 10–25. https://doi.org/10.2753/ijs0020-7659370401
- Downs, A. (1957). An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy. Journal of Political Economy, 65(2), 135–150.
- Dahl, R. A. (2007). On Political Equality. In Google Books. Yale University Press. https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=OXYVOO_yyoAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ViewAPI&hl=en&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
- Abram de, S. (1988). In Care of the State. Oxford University Press, USA
- Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2006). Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. In Google Books. Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.com.pk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gzdbfu55IGgC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=Acemoglu+D
- Albertus, M., & Gay, V. (2016). Unlikely Democrats: Economic Elite Uncertainty under Dictatorship and Support for Democratization. American Journal of Political Science, 61(3), 624–641. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12277
- Ansell, B., & Samuels, D. (n.d.). Inequality and Democratization. https://users.ox.ac.uk/~polf0487/papers/Ansell%20Samuels%20Inequality%20and%20Democratisation.pdf
- Arndt, H. L. R. (2019). Varieties of Affluence: How Political Attitudes of the Rich Are Shaped by Income or Wealth. European Sociological Review. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcz051
- Holland, A. C. (2017). Forbearance As Redistribution.
- Boix, C. (2003). Democracy and redistribution. Cambridge University Press.
- Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Altman, D., Bernhard, M., Fish, S., Hicken, A., Kroenig, M., & Lindberg, S. I. (2011). Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach. Perspectives on Politics, 9(02), 247–267. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592711000880
- Dalton, R., Van Sickle, A., & Weldon, S. (2009). The Individual–Institutional Nexus of Protest Behaviour. British Journal of Political Science, 40(1), 51–73. https://doi.org/10.1017/s000712340999038x
- Fukuyama, F. (n.d.). The End of History?*. https://pages.ucsd.edu/~bslantchev/courses/pdf/Fukuyama%20-%20End%20of%20History.pdf
- oa, R., Mounk, Y., Inglehart, R., Carter, B., Yarwood, J., Reyntjens, F., Hale, H., Anria, S., Conaghan, C., Lindsay, F., Juan, M., Luna, P., Vergara, A., & Watanabe, A. (2016). The Danger of Deconsolidation The Struggle Over Term Limits in Africa 25 Years After the USSR: What’s Gone Wrong? Delegative Democracy Revisited. 27. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/FoaMounk-27-3.pdf
- Gilens, M., & Page, B. I. (2014). Testing Theories of American politics: Elites, Interest groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics, 12(03), 564–581.
- Higley, J., Gunther, R., Gunther, R., & John, H. (1992). Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge University Press..
- Hooghe, M., Dassonneville, R., & Oser, J. (2019). Public Opinion, Turnout and Social Policy: A Comparative Analysis of Policy Congruence in European Liberal Democracies. Political Studies, 67(4), 992–1009. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321718819077 .
- Dubrow, J. (n.d.). HOW CAN WE ACCOUNT FOR INTERSECTIONALITY IN QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SURVEY DATA? EMPIRICAL ILLUSTRATION FOR CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/69557/ASK_2008_85_100.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- Dubrow, J. K., & Taylor. (2015). Political inequality in an age of democracy : cross-national perspectives. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
- Kenworthy, L., & McCall, L. (2007). Inequality, public opinion and redistribution. Socio-Economic Review, 6(1), 35–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwm006
- Diamond, L. (2015). Facing Up to the Democratic Recession. Journal of Democracy, 26(1), 141– 155. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2015.0009
- Bartels, L. M. (2016). Unequal democracy: the political economy of the new Gilded Age. Russell Sage Foundation.
- Cole, W. M. (2018). Poor and powerless: Economic and political inequality in cross-national perspective, 1981–2011. International Sociology, 33(3), 357–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580918760430
- Khan, S. (2012). The sociology of elites. Annual Review of Sociology, 38(1), 361–377. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145542
- Dalton, R. J., & Klingemann, H.-D. (2007). Methods of elite research. In Goodin R. R. (Ed.), The oxford handbook of political behaviour. London: Oxford University Press.
- Dalton, R. J., & Klingemann, H.-D. (2018). Methods of elite identification. In Best H., Higley J. (Eds.), Palgrave handbook of political elites. UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Edwards, Z. (2017). No Colonial Working Class, No Post-Colonial Development: a Comparative- Historical Analysis of Two Oil-Rich Countries. Studies in Comparative International Development, 53(4), 477–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-017-9255-9
- Kern, A., Marien, S., & Hooghe, M. (2015). Economic Crisis and Levels of Political Participation in Europe (2002–2010): The Role of Resources and Grievances. West European Politics, 38(3), 465–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2014.993152
- Lefkofridi, Z., & Giger, N. (2020). Democracy or Oligarchy? Unequal Representation of Income Groups in European Institutions. Politics and Governance, 8(1), 19-27. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i1.2526
- Lenski G. E. (1966). Power and privilege: A theory of social stratification. UNC Press Books
- Levitsky S., Ziblatt D. (2018). How democracies die. Broadway Books.
- Lopez, M. (2013). Elite Theory. Sociopedia ISA. Interdisciplinary Network for Studies of Social Inequality (NIED). Rio de Janeiro: The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
- López, M. (2013). The state of poverty: Elite perceptions of the poor in Brazil and Uruguay. International Sociology, 28(3), 351– 370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580913484346
- López, M., Da Silva, G. M. D., Teeger, C., & Marques, P. (2020). Economic and cultural determinants of elite attitudes toward redistribution. Socio-economic Review, 20(2), 489–514. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwaa015
- Luna J. P. (2014). Segmented representation: Political party strategies in unequal democracies. Oxford University Press
- Lupu, N., & Warner, Z. (2022). Affluence and Congruence: Unequal Representation around the World. The Journal of Politics, 84(1), 276– 290. https://doi.org/10.1086/714930
- Mainwaring, S., & Bizzarro, F. (2019). The Fates Of Third-Wave Democracies. Journal of Democracy, 30(1), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2019.0008
- Maks-Solomon, C., & Rigby, E. (2019). Are Democrats Really the Party of the Poor? Partisanship, Class, and Representation in the U.S. Senate. Political Research Quarterly, 106591291986262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912919862623
Cite this article
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APA : Rafique, I., Nasim, A., & Shabbir, R. (2023). Democracy and Inequality: A Comparative Analysis of Political System and Social Disparities. Global Sociological Review, VIII(II), 351-362. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2023(VIII-II).36
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CHICAGO : Rafique, Imran, Ameena Nasim, and Rahat Shabbir. 2023. "Democracy and Inequality: A Comparative Analysis of Political System and Social Disparities." Global Sociological Review, VIII (II): 351-362 doi: 10.31703/gsr.2023(VIII-II).36
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HARVARD : RAFIQUE, I., NASIM, A. & SHABBIR, R. 2023. Democracy and Inequality: A Comparative Analysis of Political System and Social Disparities. Global Sociological Review, VIII, 351-362.
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MHRA : Rafique, Imran, Ameena Nasim, and Rahat Shabbir. 2023. "Democracy and Inequality: A Comparative Analysis of Political System and Social Disparities." Global Sociological Review, VIII: 351-362
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MLA : Rafique, Imran, Ameena Nasim, and Rahat Shabbir. "Democracy and Inequality: A Comparative Analysis of Political System and Social Disparities." Global Sociological Review, VIII.II (2023): 351-362 Print.
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OXFORD : Rafique, Imran, Nasim, Ameena, and Shabbir, Rahat (2023), "Democracy and Inequality: A Comparative Analysis of Political System and Social Disparities", Global Sociological Review, VIII (II), 351-362
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TURABIAN : Rafique, Imran, Ameena Nasim, and Rahat Shabbir. "Democracy and Inequality: A Comparative Analysis of Political System and Social Disparities." Global Sociological Review VIII, no. II (2023): 351-362. https://doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2023(VIII-II).36